Bermuda triangle research paper pdf

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A short summary of this paper. In this decade many scientists and scholars have put forward many reasons behind the events of disappearances.

What is Bermuda triangle? The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, Limbo of the Lost, Hoodoo Sea and the Twilight Zone is an undefined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances.

The apexes of the triangle are generally believed to be NW edge Bermuda This triangular area is well known for the mysterious accidents of both sea and air crafts. Charles Berlitz is the first one to take this matter in front of the world through his bestselling book "The Bermuda Triangle. The incidents are too many to be mentioned, but some of the landmarks which created footprints on the triangle: Aircraft incidents: A. Deering, five-masted schooner, Captain W.

She was officially listed as overdue on 31 December. Thomas in the Virgin Islands with a cargo of bauxite on 23 November. Thomas with a cargo of bauxite, on 10 December. According to research by Rear Admiral George van Deurs, USN, who was familiar with this type of ship from their service in the USN, the acidic coal cargo would seriously erode the longitudinal support beams, making these aging and poorly-constructed colliers extremely vulnerable to breaking up in heavy seas.

She was last heard from on 4 February, when she was in rough, nearly-following seas of 16 feet, with northerly winds of knots, and listed as missing two days later. The Coast Guard subsequently determined that the ship was unsafe and not seaworthy, and never should have sailed. The final report suggested four causes of the disaster, all due to poor design and maintenance of the ship.

This flight is commonly known to the public as Flight This specific group of planes left Fort Lauderdale that morning with no difficulties, that is, until they flew over what is now the Bermuda Triangle. They reported being lost and disoriented, and could not determine exactly where they were. It had eventually become to difficult to hear messages from Flight 19 due to static. Shortly after receiving their last message from Flight 19, the search units received a message stating that six planes the five Navy planes and the rescue plane were missing Berlitz This very disappearance also sparked curiosity about the Triangle in the minds of both scientists and theorists.

These theorists and common people began to create their own explanations for these strange disappearances. Explanations that ranged from worm holes to aliens, depending on the person. More than often did these theories possess to a relation with the occult, often referring to alien intelligence or paranormal phenomena.

What may help to understand these strange and various ideas, would be to begin with one of the most popular; human error. Otherwise known as pilot disorientation, it is less of a theory and more of a common idea. Based upon thinking that the pilots in the Bermuda Triangle would often get lost due to turbulent weather patterns, popular tourist traffic, swift currents and an indeterminable landscape.

For years, many planes and ships have disappeared in the area of the Bermuda Triangle. In my essay I'm going to try to find out and tell you, my fellow students, why this phenomenon is occurring. The Bermuda Triangle is an area in the world located to the Southeast of the United States and it is also referred to as the "Devil's Triangle.

This would mean being rendered unable to fuel up or avoid rough weather in the case of emergency Science Channel 1 This could be a logical explanation , it is true that human misconception can be at fault for many of the mistakes of mankind.

Although some theorists have it well endowed in their brains that mother nature itself is the main culprit at fault. This next theory is created due to the disastrous weather patterns found in the tropical region of the Bermuda Triangle.

Prone to intense and sever torms, and the fact it is literally right in the middle of hurricane valley, gives many theorists enough to infer that this region is nothing more than a dangerous sea. Not only that, but along with the swift-moving Gulf Stream that cuts into the triangle, this becomes a very unnavigable terrain for above land vessels.

Add to that the underwater geography of the deep and rugged Puerto Rico trench the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean and this area becomes a literal death zone Science Channel 1. Often attributed to the well-known myths about askew compasses and the legend that the Bermuda is one of the only two places on the planet that points true north. This is true,but only to some sense. In modern day, the Bermuda Triangle does not sit in any form of abnormal magnetic area, and pilots and sailors know now to adjust compasses to magnetic and true north Science Channel Even as far-fetched as magnetic field abnormalities may seem to some scientists, it is no where near the as illogical as the next theory will appear.

The first of are more supernatural theories, is none other than the fabled, lost civilization of Atlantis. For those who believe in the legendary aquatic city of Atlantis, there could raise an argument. Limbo of the Lost. The Twilight Zone. Hoodoo Sea. The Devil's Triangle. The vast three-sided segment of the Atlantic Ocean bordered by Bermuda, Puerto Rico and Fort Lauderdale, Florida, did not receive its most famous nickname until , but reports of bizarre happenings there, or nearby, have been recorded for centuries.

In fact, many claim that Christopher Columbus bore witness to the Bermuda Theorists say that remnants of intense energy crystals once used to fuel the city were now residing in the Bermuda Triangle interfering with airplane and ships electronics. This proof is based off of a mirrored pyramid like structure said to be founded by a scuba diving Atlantis proponent in Although, there is no proof of this find. Others base this off of the Bimini road; a strange rock formation composed of uniform, seemingly sculpted towers of rock just of the coast of the Bahamian island of Bimini.

Considering the subject of foreign civilizations, comes the next theory on the list. The most common association with extra terrestrial forces is the acclamation that a downed space ship, or dangerous alien mechanics of some sort, is residing in or below the region of the Bermuda Triangle. The ROV pilot was able to view able basalts, which underlie the limestone in Bermuda the position of both the surface vessel and ROV and were above sea level during Pleistocene low sea superimposed on the multibeam image.

The ROV flight path and georefer- enced video imagery was digitally recorded in real-time for later playback. The flight path, recorded in Hypack Materials and methods software was converted to ArcGIS shapefiles for later display over the multibeam bathymetry imagery.

In order to search for now deep water caves around the edges of the Bermuda Platform and adjacent Chal- lenger Bank, a multiphase research program was Results initiated consisting of a multibeam sonar survey of the shelf break edge that would identify promising sites A multibeam bathymetric survey was carried out in for ROV investigations. POI, indicating potential cave entrances, are and Challenger Bank.

Arrow 3 marks the location of the marked by triangles, while ROV dive sites are indicated by submarine landslide on Challenger Bank shown in Fig. Arrow circles. Contour lines are from current nautical charts.

Arrow 1 4 indicated the position of detailed topographic maps Fig. Note that the in Fig. Arrow 2 shows the location of POI 67 shown in m contour derived from nautical charts varies considerably Fig. By overlaying our survey on existing possible cave entrances which were designated as hydrographic charts that had been compiled from POIs.

A total of POIs were identified, located point sounds or echo soundings, we observed signif- primarily on the northwest, north, east, and southwest icant differences in the position for the shelf edge in sides of the main platform and on the southern and contrast to earlier and less precise surveys.

Since the multibeam Pleistocene sea level. Beneath the lower terrace on the survey was conducted with our vessel navigating main Bermuda Platform, the slope began to steepen slightly offshore from the drop-off, cross-sectional until near-vertical rock walls were encountered at views through voids allowed us to look part way into approximately m depths.

This vertical rock them and observe whether the bottom at the base of the escarpment continued to depths of — m where void was sloping or level Fig. The voids followed a slope of unconsolidated sediment, lying at its irregular patterns possibly indicating their origin as apparent angle of repose began and extended down wave cut or bioerosion notches incised into the rock slope past the maximum depth of our survey.

The box and bar in the 3D and plan 3D point cloud view of the slope in the top frame. Each of these views respectively indicate the location of the profile slice features were inspected, measured, and cataloged as potential through the bank.

Note deeply incised overhang with undercut candidates for ROV dive targets floor in profile view suggestive of a cave entrance.

The profile for the POIs ranged from to m, with an ripples. These caves were typically found at the base average of Caves on the northern and southwestern sides of the main the main platform were found at , , , and platform and on the eastern and southern edges of m water depths, while those on Challenger Bank Challenger Bank that had the greatest apparent were at , , and m.

The numerous undercuts Just west of North Rock on the northern edge of the into the vertical walls ranged from a few to 10 m high platform, several completely closed depressions, and as much as 30 m in length. Most had relatively flat resembling karstic sinkholes were found near the floors covered with white sand and extending back as seaward margin of the lower terrace. These were much as 8—10 m.

Seven of the POIs investigated with approximately 20—30 m in diameter and 3—5 m deep the ROV including four on southwestern edge of the with steep, sometimes undercut rock walls on all sides main platform and three on the eastern side of and a relatively flat floored bottom.

In this same area, a Challenger Bank were found to have possible caves number of sediment floor channels with steeper rock extending back from them. The caves were relatively walls and dendritic patterns ran perpendicular to the small, about a meter or less in diameter, tubular, and platform edge.

In one of these channels, the multibeam smooth walled with little encrusting marine life or showed two voids that were later investigated with the other clear evidence of water currents such as sand ROV Fig. Images of tunnel clockwise from view of 3D sounding point cloud showing the upper tunnel top left: 1 Plan view of 1 m gridded surface model in shaded entrance with the position of vertical profile indicated by the relief shows the adjacent sand channel and sinkhole features box.

Vertical and horizontal scales are in meters with the position of the vertical profile referenced below bridge, possibly a remnant cave structure, about 40 m 40 m. These gullies began at about m depths and long and 8 m wide, with a 6 m high tunnel extending extend down to the sediment apron at the base of the between two entrances. Boulders and rubble of cliffs.

A crescent-shaped scar in the cliff face on the apparent collapse origin were present at the landward main platform, with associated rubble at its base, end of this tunnel, while the seaward entrance was appears to be the result of a mass wasting event where unobstructed.

A sand-floored channel extends in both slumping of the cliff occurring a lower sea level stand directions from the natural bridge suggesting that this Fig. Another feature of interest that was discovered In order to assess evidence of sea level lowstands and during the mapping project were prominent gullies in geomorphic features of specific interest to this study, the near-vertical cliff faces. Position and extent of the profile across the submarine landslide escarpment discovered on the eastern edge escarpment face is indicated by the polyline.

All dimensions of the Challenger Bank platform rendered in 3D relief, shaded are in meters by depth left and in profile right using IVS Fledermaus Fig.

This water depth range covers the area evidence of sea level lowstands discovered under this subjected to sea level changes of — m over study included two paleo-shoreline features which the last , years Bintanja et al.

Paleoshoreline features are identified by arrows at 60 and m. Other irregularities in the cross section profile may be localized topographic features or acoustic artifacts Fig. Note the distinct change in topography close to the m isobath Challenger Bank at water depths of 60 and m.

The paleo-shorelines along these paleo-shoreline features revealed well- are clearly defined by laterally continuous low relief worn carbonate rocks, smoothed rock ledges, bedrock ridges and incised benches eroded into relict reef undercuts, and bedrock excavations believed to be complexes by wave and current action during periods wave cut caves. These features were most likely of lower sea level. Note smooth seabed topography in water depths [60 m. Other irregularities in the cross section profile may be localized topographic features or acoustic artifacts action on carbonate rocks over time in a dynamic Tucker Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute , and shallow water coastal environment.

Graham Maddox Triangle Diving , all of whom played important roles in this research. This article is publication No. Next steps These data justify more detailed quantitative analyses References to map the topography of the two paleo-shorelines around the Bermuda seamount and Challenger Bank. Bintanja, R. Oerlemans, ROV video imagery will be correlated with the paleo- Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels shoreline features to map the distribution of wave cut over the past million years.

Nature — Sites will be identified Boxshall, G. Iliffe, Three new species of misophrioid copepods from oceanic islands. Outcrops of reef structures associated with Carew, J. Mylroie, Submerged evidence of sea level lowstands will be identified and located for Pleistocene low sea levels on San Salvador, Bahamas.

In future sampling. Samples will be analyzed for com- Cooper, R. Shepard eds , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Undersea Program Sympo- position, correlation with island stratigraphy and age sium Series for Undersea Research 2: — Clark, P. Dyke, J.